Intent as a dichotomic agent between folk psychology and identity theory :: essays research papers

The system of decision for the contemporary savants of psyche is physicalism, a place that incorporates the investigation of brain inside the ‘scientific’ human information managed by the laws of issue and vitality. In this paper, I will give contentions that help the contrariness between two unique hypotheses of psyche, to be specific psyche mind personality hypothesis (IT) and society brain science (FP) on consistent grounds. The initial segment of the article will acquaint the peruser with the fundamental ideas, definitions and a portion of the key contentions utilized by IT and FP. Let us start with a rundown about personality hypothesis. Essentially put this hypothesis holds that states and procedures of the psyche are indistinguishable from states and procedures of the mind. To utilize a model, our experience of torment it is actually reflected by a comparing neurological state in the mind, for example C-filaments terminating. Starting here of view, the psyche is the mind – they are indistinguishable. Be that as it may, this character is just unexpected, for example its affirmation depends upon ulterior scientifical progressions. There are two kinds of character hypotheses: type-personality hypothesis and token-character hypothesis. The later is only a moderate deduction of the previous, by proposing a not all that extreme case, for example that underpins the personality of specific cases (tokens) of mental states (for example a specific torment ) with reporter specific mind states. Type-personality hypothesis then again, expect a more grounded posi tion of severe character, for example that torment as a sort of mental state, is indistinguishable with a specific mind state. In this paper I allude to character hypothesis as type-personality hypothesis (IT). The initiator of this hypothesis was U.T. Spot, and his creative article “Is Counsciousness a Brain Process'; (1956) extraordinarily affected J.J.C. Shrewd. Therefore, in “Sensations and Brain Processes'; (1959) Smart affirms that “processes revealed in sensation explanations are in certainty forms in the cerebrum';. IT scholars object against the “physical finality'; of mental states, for example that they are something misterious and escaping physical laws, thus they preclude the presence from claiming the spirit or counsciousness as something unchangeable physical. Keen, a changed over IT from behaviorist hypothesis, doesn’t think about sensations or mental states as practices or miens, yet type-indistinguishable with mind states; so torment, conviction, want are nothing else except for neural terminating, synthetic discharge and whatever else may occur in the cerebrum at that point. Along these lines, similarly as lightning is only an electrical release, so torment simply is C-filaments terminating in the cerebrum. Purpose as a dichotomic specialist between society brain science and character hypothesis :: articles examine papers The structure of decision for the contemporary rationalists of brain is physicalism, a place that incorporates the investigation of psyche inside the ‘scientific’ human information controlled by the laws of issue and vitality. In this paper, I will give contentions that help the inconsistency between two distinct speculations of brain, to be specific brain cerebrum personality hypothesis (IT) and people brain research (FP) on consistent grounds. The initial segment of the exposition will acquaint the peruser with the essential ideas, definitions and a portion of the key contentions utilized by IT and FP. Let us start with a rundown about character hypothesis. Essentially put this hypothesis holds that states and procedures of the psyche are indistinguishable from states and procedures of the cerebrum. To utilize a model, our experience of torment it is actually reflected by a comparing neurological state in the cerebrum, for example C-filaments terminating. Starting here of view, the psyche is the cerebrum – they are indistinguishable. Be that as it may, this personality is just unforeseen, for example its affirmation depends upon ulterior scientifical headways. There are two kinds of character speculations: type-personality hypothesis and token-character hypothesis. The later is only a moderate inference of the previous, by proposing a not all that extreme case, for example that bolsters the personality of specific occurrences (tokens) of mental states (for example a specific agony ) with reporter specific cerebrum states. Type-character hypothesis then again, accept a mor e grounded position of exacting personality, for example that torment as a kind of mental state, is indistinguishable with a specific cerebrum state. In this paper I allude to personality hypothesis as type-character hypothesis (IT). The initiator of this hypothesis was U.T. Spot, and his imaginative exposition “Is Counsciousness a Brain Process'; (1956) significantly affected J.J.C. Brilliant. Subsequently, in “Sensations and Brain Processes'; (1959) Smart declares that “processes revealed in sensation articulations are in truth forms in the mind';. IT scholars object against the “physical finality'; of mental states, for example that they are something misterious and evading physical laws, thus they preclude the presence from securing the spirit or counsciousness as something final physical. Brilliant, a changed over IT from behaviorist hypothesis, doesn’t think about sensations or mental states as practices or attitudes, yet type-indistinguishable with cerebrum states; so torment, conviction, want are nothing else except for neural terminating, synthetic discharge and whatever else may occur in the mind at that point. Accordingly, similarly as lightning is only an electrical release, so torment simply is C-filaments terminating in the mind.

Discrimination Of The Black Minority Population In The US Army - 825 Words

Discrimination Of The Black Minority Population In The US Army (Essay Sample) Content: Minority in the MilitaryNameCourse titleName of the professorDateIntroductionThe US military contains men and women from different origin, race, and religion. The demographic setting of the current military has primarily changed since the end of the Second World War. The composition of the army reflects the diverse societal change and integration in the country. As of 2015, the active duty troops in the country stood at 1,340,533 which is viewed as the smallest number since 2001. Surprisingly, the American share in the military has reduced from 0.5% to 0.4%. The male predominately populates the forces compared to women. In 2015, 17% of the active duty officers were women which shows an increase from 12% in 1990. The central aspect and center of the controversy is the issue of racism in the military. However, the minority group in the US forces consists of 40% which shows a significant rise from 25% in 1990 and during the cold war. As of 2015, 44% of all American popul ation aged between 18 and 44 years were categorized as a minority. Blacks, have been the primary center of racial controversies comprises of 17% active duty military. This study aims at assessing the issue of black discrimination in the military and the measures which the federal government is taking to curb the menace.[Parker et al., Pew Research Center 27.] [Parker et al., 28.] From 1917, over two million black minority have actively participated in the military actions of the US. Little research has been done to ascertain the extent to which the minority were disproportionally selected to the join the military. As well, from the year 1940 to 1973, the black minorities were less likely to be selected to join the army compared to the white majority. The policies in the US towards the blacks joining the army were somewhat ambivalent. Habitually, the policies which existed encouraged white only participation in the military, however, the blacks were only allowed in case there is a w orkforce need. For that matter, the African Americans have fought in almost all wars which involved the USA. For instance, in the Revolutionary War, the president, George Washington had banned the participation of the blacks against the British. Conversely, when the British government offered to release all the slaves who fought in their war, Washington allowed the blacks, therefore, to participate and fight alongside with their colonies. Again, during the 1812 war, the black population was excluded from participation. However, the need to increase the number of troops saw the recruitment of over 3000 blacks.[Lutz, Journal of Political and Military Sociology 165.] [Lutz, Journal of Political and Military Sociology 166] [Butler et al., All that we can be: Black leadership and racial integration the Army way."New York, NY: Perseus Book Group45.] Currently, the discrimination against the US black minority has reduced, although, the menace is still reported across various camps. Accordi ng to the report published by Protect Our Defenders organization, the service men and women are more likely to be punished in the 4 out of the 5 US armed force branches. According to the report, the blacks are at least 1.29 and as much as 2.61 times more likely have disciplinary action taken against them more than whites in the same crime in a year. The findings are replicated in the Air Force, Marine Corps, Navy and the General Army. Many people ask if the blacks should defend the country that never protected them during the slavery period. Many people blame the lack of diversity among the top military posts as the source of challenges black minority face in the military[Protect Our Defenders. Protect Our Defenders 21.] [Protect Our Defenders 22.] The American government has come up with various legislations and protective measures to ensure that racism and discrimination in the military are stopped. The continued monitoring of the racial climate by the US government and other huma n rights active bodies has enabled the country to reduce the instances of racial discrimination. Also, the government has declared racial discrimination and racism in the forces as the constitute human rights violation and abuse. In 1948, 26th July marked the most significant day in the US military in relations to inclusivity and integration of the military. That was the end of racial segregation in the US armed forces. The Executive Order 9981 issued by President Harry S. Truman where the all military personnel will be treated with equality, given equal opportunities with no regard to race, religion, national orig...

Essay on John F Kennedy JFK - 1661 Words

This is a short biography on John F. Kennedy. In this biography you will learn biographical data about J.F.K., interesting or little known facts, why I chose J.F.K. for my biography and information about what I heroes. Well start off with why I chose J.F.K. for my biography report. I chose John F. Kennedy for my biography report because I find that almost all of his life is very interesting. I first discovered my interest in J.F.K. when I was watching a show about his assassination which took place on November 22, 1963. Now that Ive done research on J.F.K. I have found that almost his whole life is full of interesting things. I think that if everyone knew all the information Ive found on J.F.K. then they would wish he were still alive†¦show more content†¦J.F.K. had some great plans for his second term in office but they never happened because of his assassination. I believe my person was a hero because he was such a great man and because for some people he was an actual hero that saved their lives. So yes I would definitely say my person was a hero. I think that in some ways a hero and a celebrity can be one in the same but having a celebrity as a hero because of the roles they play in a movie isnt a good idea because theyre just pretending. If a celebrity is a hero to you because of how good they act or direct or because of what ever they do is fine. I think that the biggest difference between a celebrity and a hero is that celebrities are famous whereas a hero can be anyone, they dont have to be famous or well known. On this page I will tell you the biographical data about John F. Kennedy. J.F.K. was born on May 29, 1917 in a place called Brookline, Massachusetts that was also his childhood home. His family had two summer homes that they would visit as well. John lived with his mother Rose Kennedy and his father Joseph Kennedy. John also lived with his eight siblings; the better-known ones are Robert who was assassinated, Teddy who is still alive and a Senator for Massachusetts, Joe Jr., who died when his plane blew up during WWII, and Kathleen Kick who also died. John, Kick, Joe Jr. were the three eldest of the Kennedy children. John died on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas at the age of 46. JohnShow MoreRelatedJohn F. Kennedy And Jfk1050 Words   |  5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy â€Å"My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.† This is one of the most famous quotes John F. Kennedy ever presented during his term as president of these United States. Hello I am Miya Cole and in these next few minutes I will be informing you about our thirty fifth president, John F. Kennedy. John Fitzgerald Kennedy or better known as JFK was born May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts. JFK had a particularly big familyRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Jfk958 Words   |  4 PagesIn John F. Kennedy’s (JFK) 1961 inaugural address, he began by acknowledging the audience, including former presidents and vice presidents before he brought his message of a â€Å"new generation of Americans- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, [and] proud of our ancient heritage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This new generation was to inspire and change, not only the America they lived in, but the world. His message was empowering and direct while effectively persuading his audience, ofRead MoreJfk s Rhetorical Masterpiece Of John F. Kennedy s Moon Speech Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesIsmael Pineda Dr. Livingston English 1101 27 Sept. 2016 JFK’s Rhetorical Masterpiece John F. Kennedy’s â€Å"Moon Speech† is a rhetorical masterpiece, which painted a vivid picture of America’s upcoming role as being a world leader in space exploration. The 1962 â€Å"Moon speech† was delivered by John F. Kennedy at the Rice University stadium in the midst of the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States. Kennedy’s ultimate goal with the â€Å"Moon Speech† was to get the Nation on board to supportRead MoreKennedy Is an American Tragic Hero1695 Words   |  7 PagesKennedy Is an American Tragic Hero What makes a hero a tragic hero? According to the Greek play write Aristotle, a hero must possess certain character traits in order to be tragic. Aristotle’s rules are still used today when labeling a hero tragic or not tragic. Jack Fitzgerald Kennedy, the thirty-fifth president of the United States is a tragic hero, because he possess four of the six traits a tragic hero must possess. This will be proven through the use of credible sources and explanation ofRead MoreThe Kennedy Years and Camelot Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesPresident John F. Kennedy’s â€Å"Camelot† was also fascinating. His inaugural address is one of the most memorable, â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country†. He was the youngest president elected into office at the age of 43. (Theodore Roosevelt was age 42, who became president following William McKinleys assassination) Kennedy was also the first Catholic to be elected preside nt. I choose to write my essay on JFK’s Camelot for his many firsts. John F. KennedyRead MoreKameron Harris. Mrs. Thompson. Hist 102-10. 2 May 2017.824 Words   |  4 PagesKameron Harris Mrs. Thompson HIST 102-10 2 May 2017 Conspiracy Behind the Legacy Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy were two America’s greatest presidents. Many know Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President of America, face of US currency such as the bronze penny and five-dollar bill, and the President who freed the slaves. JFK was the 35th President of America, household favorite, and the President who saved the world from nuclear destruction. But deep inside the walls of the White House, the twoRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy1176 Words   |  5 PagesJohn F. Kennedy did a lot for our country although his presidential term was cut short. He had a certain allure to him that Americans liked. Kennedy knew what to do to gain the votes of all different types of voters no matter their age, race, or religion. His campaign and presidency have inspired even today’s presidents and presidential candidates in multiple ways. John F. Kennedy was a spectacular man and president that brought a fresh feel to America and who left a legacy that will never be f orgottenRead MoreThe Legacy Of John F. Kennedy980 Words   |  4 PagesBorn in 1917, John F. Kennedy grew up in a wealthy family with influence both politically, and economically. His grandfather was a famous politician, his father a billionaire, and his brothers he grew up with would go on to become well known politicians. Growing up in a family like this, it would appear hard to distinguish yourself, however, JFK would go on to surpass them all by becoming the 35th, and perhaps most beloved president of the United States. As president JFK was popular. He was youngRead MoreComparing Jfk and Lincolns Inagural Speeches Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesZachary Soliman Freshman Composition Professor Andrew Worthington 11/26/12 Addressing the Nation Throughout the history of the United States of America, there have been many leaders. President Abraham Lincoln and President John F. Kennedy are arguably two of the greatest presidents that this country has had. Whether it was 1865, during the bloodiest war in the history of the US, or 1961, during the most tense international power struggle that we have ever faced, these men were able to do whatRead MoreThe Leadership Styles of John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagespaper will compare are John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan I is in my opinion that these two United State of American Presidents were and are historical leaders. John Fitzgerald Kennedy often referred to as JFK was the 35th President of the United States of America and served in this capacity from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Kennedy served before his presidency as Massachusetts’s 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953. Kennedy also s erved in the U

John Cairds Vision for His Production of Hamlet Essay

John Caird’s vision for his production of Hamlet was to give it a â€Å"suffocatingly religious† atmosphere where â€Å"the set was part cathedral, part castle, part graveyard, part attic† (Bate 202). Together with set designer Tim Hatley, he succeeded. Amy Gamerman of the Wall Street Journal characterized the set as â€Å"dismal† and â€Å"vacant-looking.† The set was comprised of luggage, suitcases and old trunks that were stacked, torn down and restacked again in different ways to make different scenes. Presumably this element of the set serves the purpose of reinforcing the idea of Hamlet’s journey of transitioning from a life free of pain to a life fraught with the truth of his father’s death (Vivier 323). Unfortunately, Kate Levin of Shakespeare†¦show more content†¦Russell Beale’s Hamlet stood out for his gentleness and sweetness making Horatio’s â€Å"goodnight sweet prince† (5.2.332) all the more poignant. Though initially Russell Beale’s physique seemed an unnatural choice for the role of Hamlet, in the end his performance was critically acclaimed by most everyone. Though at the time Russell Beale was forty years old and not the slim young Dane audiences had come to expect, his performance was one of a kind according to Judylee Vivier of the Voice and Speech Review (323). She says that the unexpected death of Hamlet’s father throws him into such a sorrowful state that he â€Å"is vulnerable, open and present in the text† (323). Russell Beale plays Hamlet as the student who desperately wants to go back to the university in Wittenberg. His academic tendencies become clear as he constantly writes down words and phrases he appreciates in his journal. Judylee writes that Hamlet is obsessed with words because â€Å"they are all he has left† (323). Writing things down becomes his way of processing the tragic events of his life (Lloyd). Many have conjectured that events in Simon Russell Beale’s life affected his portrayal of Hamlet. James Harding of the Financial Times notes that Russell Beale’s mother passed away during rehearsals for this production. The death of his mother perhaps led the lead actor to portray Hamlet in a much â€Å"softer† way. This unfortunate circumstance may have driven his performance as the loss of a parent helped

Essay About Same Sex Marriages Example For Students

Essay About Same Sex Marriages There are so many factors that may affect ones view of this topic itbecomes easy to see why it is controversial. To list all of the arguments wouldbe impossible.However, by focusing on the main topics that both that bothdefend and disagree with the issue, we are able to get a brief glance at theenormity that the outcome of a problem like this carries in our society.Right from the beginning the bible states that it was not good for manto be alone; therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother and shallcleave unto his wife, and they shall be one flesh. (God) We can also readabout Gods discussion of unlawful marriages: Thou shalt not lay with mankind,as with womankind: it is abomination. (God) And to the people who disregardedthis, the punishment was written simply; they shall be cut off from their amongtheir people. Is it possible to say that these words that have provided strictguidelines for all these years no longer have any meaning or promise because weare no longer a people? Or is it right to think that we are adopted into thefamily of God and are now apart of His people? Who decides? What if yourfamily isnt Christian, does the law of God apply to you? (God)For years and years these were the words that nearly everyone followed. Only people who were clearly wrong dared to disobey the word of God. It wasclearly black and white, and often times church leaders were looked to foradvice on what to do when we are faced with a choice. After all, they represent Him, so they must know right from wrong. So what do we say to BishopJohn Shelby Strong who is quoted as saying, I regard the blessing of gay andlesbian couples by the church to be inevitable, right, and of a positive good. We must be willing to relinquish prejudice and turn our attention to loving ourgay and lesbian brothers and sisters, supporting them, and relating them as partof Gods creation. And how about the Roman Cardinal Basi Hume? He says thatlove between people, whether of the same sex or a different sex, is to betreasured and respected. To love another person is to have entered the area ofrichest human experience. I think that we are getting mixed messages. (Cahoon)Now entering the picture is mans interpretation of the law. This viewno longer takes into consideration anything based on Christianity, by simplywhat has been written by another person. I believe that the reason for thisturn from one written law (the bible) to another is due to the fact that it iseasier to find loop-holes in something that God had little to do with (but thisis only my belief). It is easier to see all the reasons why one can marry aperson of the same sex when you are dealing with a race that wants to beconsidered open minded and fair despite what they may know in their hearts tobe right. In the court case of Loving vs. Virginia, the appellants are fightingfor their civil right to have a (same-sex) marriage. This particular casepoints out that the right to marriage occupies an extremely venerated positionin our society. marriage exists as a protected legal institution primarilybecause of the societal values associated with the continuation of the humanrace. (Dirty) Also, it should be apparent that no same-sex couple offers thepossibility of the birth of children by their union. Many times similar casesinvolving female/female marriage or male/male marriages are refused by thecourts for this very reason. .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 , .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 .postImageUrl , .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 , .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649:hover , .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649:visited , .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649:active { border:0!important; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649:active , .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649 .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua697021ccf150d9a2f4ff34c50078649:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay On 12 Angry Men The state has the authority to refuse to authorizea same-sex marriage from the impossibility of reproduction rather than from anydiscrimination on the account of sex. It is now apparent how the law defined amarriage. Legally it is considered the union of one man and one woman. This isonly because of the unique physical characteristics of each sex in being able toreproduce. Never the less, discrimination! is screamed inside the walls ofthe court and the issue of homosexual marriage moves from a moral to an ethicalissue. (Brown)BibliographyRotello, Gabriel/abacus.oxy.edu/QRD/media/print/gabriel. rotello/gay.marriage.the.next. big.battleBrown, Jennifer G. http://www.outnow. com/67/hawaii.htmlSanders, D. B. Skeeter http://members. aol.com/otlm/julyaug/antimarr.htmlLoveline.com http://cemulimedia. com/loveline/loveome/.htmLambda Legal Defense ; Education Fundhttp://www.gaysource.com/gs/ht/oct95/questions. htmlCahoon, Robert E. http://www.bestweb.com/cahoonTeriaine, J. http://www.buddybuddy.comHaig, Sir Douglas http://www.demon.co.uk./kdm/haig.htmlDirty Hippies Liberal Christian Home Journal http://student--www.uchicago.edu/users/mbaldwin/homo.htmlZingale, Daniel http://www.hrusa.org/feature2/mar16.htmlGod exerpts from the Bibles

Race and Capital Punishment in the US an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Race and Capital Punishment in the US Capital punishment is the ultimate and harshest penalty courts implement for mans heinous crimes that has continued to raise differing views in the civilized American society. Bedau upholds in the American Civil Liberties Union that death penalty inherently violates the constitutional ban against cruel and unusual punishment and the guarantee of due and the equal protection of the laws. This idea is based on the premise that the state should not usurp the power of taking human life especially in a premeditated fashion and ceremony. Need essay sample on "Race and Capital Punishment in the US" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Usually Tell EssayLab writers: How much do I have to pay someone to make my paper now? Essay writers advise: Essaylab.Com Offers A Top-Quality Academic Essay Essay Writing Help Company Professional Writer For Hire Write a Paper Online Best Essay Writing Service Despite prevailing issues against death penalty, the courts have maintained its constitutionality as a deterrent factor to the commission of a crime premised on mans common fear of death. Pro-life advocates also insist that death penalty has been applied randomly at best and discriminatorily at worst upon criminals whose victims were white and on colored offenders (van den Haag). With 38 states and the federal government authorizing the capital punishment, capital punishment challenges most basic notion of fairness and equity in criminal sentencing according to Free(2003:177). In the imposition of the capital punishment, the public is left with the question whether the observance is applied in a manner without significant racial disparities in between. The American Justice System therefore faces the moral question on the implementation of death penalty and the continuous history of racial discrimination. Americans cannot deny the fact that as of 12 April 2007; only 364 blacks have been put to death compared to 609 white defendants amid speculations that a bias exists (NAACP, 2007). African Americans are not really disproportionately represented among people condemned to death in the USA as a whole. As of January 2007, the death row inmate population consists of 41.7% blacks and 45.4% whites while 13% is owed to Hispanic and other minority races (NAACP records). A disparity may exist among death sentences by state with Philadelphia having 137 blacks compared to only 68 whites on death row. Likewise in Texas of the 393 inmates on death row, 161 blacks are awaiting execution while only 121 are whites. The race of the defendant is not supposed to influence the sentencing but apparently in Philadelphia, it does. In the essence of justice, this paper aims to provide an insight for criminal justice professionals a better understanding on the people they work with. The theory of African Americans getting a harsher sentence when the victim is white can be tested rather easily using the national statistics. A comparative result can be gleaned on the ratio of imposed capital punishments on African American homicide defendants whose victims were white person against the ratio of African American homicide defendants whose victims were black. Further, this paper will examine the factors that possibly promote the continuance of racial discrimination in capital sentencing. The race of the victim is also an important factor in determining whether in the implementation of the death penalty, racial discrimination exists. Although this is entirely a secondary predictor for cases that result in a death sentence, the dynamics of the disproportionate minority shall be examined to provide an alternative perspective in examining the significance of the race of the victim in American society and criminal justice responses to crime. NAACP records reveal that among the number of victims where an execution has occurred since the restoration of the death penalty, 1269 victims were white while 225 victims are black. Based on criminal histories committed under similar circumstances, a defendant is more likely to receive the penalty of death if his victims is white than if his victim belongs to a minority race. In most validly conducted studies, the defendant was four or five times as likely to get the death penalty if the victim was white than if the victim was African American (Henderson, 2000:19) This critical examination discusses the marginalization of African Americans in the criminal justice system that requires an examination at racial profiling and representation of African Americans in hate crime victimization. This research therefore aims to discuss the discriminatory treatment of the black Americans and analyze the possible ameliorative solutions to treat the current racial imbalance on the criminal justice as a whole. In the imposition of death penalty as the capital punishment, Henderson provided that the evidence normally reveals the application that are legally endorsed by the state prosecutors (2000, 17). Individuals charged with killing white victims are likely to receive the death penalty that at least 82% of the impositions are committed on a white victim (GAO, 1990:5). Henderson also added that the race of the defendant when combined with the race of the victim yields a significant disparity in the application of the death penalty (2000:17). This is supported by a study conducted by Baldus, Woodworth, Zuckerman, Weiner and Broffitt (1998) which also revealed that there is a pernicious pattern of racial discrimination in Philadelphia capital punishment cases based on the race of the defendant and on the race of the victim. Blacks who kill whites are sentenced to death several times more than blacks who kills blacks and black defendants will likely receive the capital punishments when their victims are white as most studies reveal (Henderson, 2000:18). Despite data supporting that the death sentences has been imposed and carried disproportionately among the black defendants and the poor unpopular groups, government lawyers continue to insist that racial discrimination in capital punishment does not exist. Race has a great impact on a prosecutors decision to ask the death penalty that GAO also revealed in 1990 when the district attorneys office in PA used a training video to teach prosecutors how to keep Black jurors off jury service. In 1994, Congress also rejected the Racial Injustice Act that would have afforded the condemned prisoner the right to challenge their death sentence as racially motivated upon the prodding of state and federal prosecutors (Free, 2003: 178). It is an undeniable fact that the application of capital punishment is racially motivated that starts at the discretion of the prosecutors and reflects the stance of the American government against race-neutrality. The reasons why racial discrimination persist in capital sentencing There are 38 states and the federal government endorsing capital punishment and grants prosecutorial discretion for any intentional murder committed. The decisions are guided by legal factors according to Henderson (2000:17) depending on the severity of the crime and prosecutors deciding when to seek death. In California for example, prosecutors have 600-800 cases to choose from annually to endorse death sentences. Along with the jury, they have a great discretion in coming up with their current 660 death row inmate persecution (NAACP, January 2007). Baldus, et al contradicted that Californias records include the mid-range crimes, not necessarily the most heinous but not the least heinous as well where racial disparities exists. Counsels likewise play a determining role in capital sentencing. Their ineffectual defense and representation for their client in the case of capital defendants boast of their negligence to claim merits and likewise deny capital punishment. The legal system may not be able to pinpoint the ineffective assistance of the counsel for the defendant because the Supreme Court has not laid down a standard measure for proof thus making it extremely difficult to show that defense is ineffectual. In Gates v. Zant, death row inmate Johnny Lee gates provided how an ineffectual counsel illustrates the problem. With an all-white jury, Gates, a black American was accused of killing and raping a white woman. His defense lawyer failed to object to an all-white jury during the selection process; failed to present mitigating evidence like the defendants impoverished childhood which could have been noted as a psychological incapacity to function and behave in a manner typical of a normal child. Although the lawyer was not found to be ineffective, the federal court was barred from challenging the Eleventh Circuits decision that his case reeked of unconstitutional racial discrimination. Juries and venue can also lead to racial disparities in capital sentencing. Often prosecutors choose venues primarily in a central city that result in an all-white jury. Problems also arise when jurors upon questioning would give out politically correct responses in group settings that they would never be willing to impose the death penalty yet after sequestration would often reveal racism and opt for the death penalty after a capital conviction. A certain line of questioning before the guilt or innocence phase of the trial also leads to the exclusion of African Americans because a higher percentage of African Americans oppose the death penalty compared to the general public. Few jurors are excluded for being automatically pro-death penalty thus presenting a lower proportion of African Americans in jury service participation in many capital cases. The capital defendants fate is also at the hands of a sometimes racially discriminating jury even with at least one African American among them. One single contradiction during a death-a-vote can reduce the sentence to a life-verdict in some states, particularly in Georgia; a unanimous vote for death though would help execute the defendant. To safeguard against racial discrimination in capital punishment, the legal system has provided a review and clemency proceedings where an appellate court can compare otherwise similar cases to evaluate whether a death sentence is disproportionate in similar cases (Baldus et al, 1998). This could necessarily lead to relief being granted where similar circumstances exist and a defendant would have been unlikely to have gotten the death penalty if he had been white or if his victim had been African American. However in some cases, Baldus et al countered that in some cases, the Court held that such review is not constitutionally required and states like Arizona, Maryland, Idaho, Connecticut, and Wyoming abandoned any pretense of allowing a proportionality review. Executive clemency proceedings may also be granted but these days clemency is granted far less frequently due to elected officials fear of being attacked as soft on crime. More often when it is granted, it is usually due to unu sual compelling evidence of innocence and not to any concern about racial discrimination. African Americans account for 41.7% of the United States 3,350 death row inmates. The United States population is approximately 70 per cent white and 14 per cent black and yet blacks have been six to seven times more likely to be murdered than whites, with the result that blacks and whites are the victims of murder in about equal numbers. Yet, 79.3 per cent of the more than 1,600 people put to death in the USA since 1976 were convicted of crimes involving white victims, compared to the 14 per cent who were convicted of killing blacks. Less than five per cent of the executions carried out since 1977 in the USA were for crimes involving Hispanic victims despite Hispanics representing about 12 per cent of the US population. Such statistics alone do not prove a bias in the justice system but could reflect on the patterns of offending relative to wider social inequalities. Studies will however indicate that race, particularly the race of the murder victim influences the rate of capital se ntencing in the USA. US General Accounting Office (GAO) reviews in 28 studies conducted around the country concluded that in 82% of the studies, race of victim was found to influence the likelihood of being charged with capital murder or receiving a death sentence than those who murdered blacks. Race, ethnic origin and economic status usually appear to a determinant factor in the imposition of a death sentence. Efforts to Rectify the Problem If the United States is sincere in its effort to rectify the problem of the prevalent racial discrimination in capital sentencing, it should address the problem in its core. Policies including those designed to minimize racial discrimination in capital sentencing should completely be implemented. The Racial Justice Act, which has been stymied because of elected officials fears of being branded and attacked as being soft on criminals, should be passed to Congress. The public perception that advocates death for criminals led Congress to completely restrict funding on capital punishment resource centers which had endeavored to provide or find representation for indigent death row inmates. Cases in which Black Americans are demanding for clemency and crying out for relief under certain circumstances should be reevaluated in conjunction with the pardon and parole board recommendations. Death sentences could also be reviewed to consider if there has been a pattern of racial discrimination based on the race of the victim or the race of the defendant without being limited to capital offenses alone. Likewise, an increase in the presence of African American jurors can help assess the ameliorative impact to restore the current imbalance in the criminal justice system. Recommendation Since death penalty is so severe, there must be a system of check and balance set up to enforce the sentence fairly free from racial, gender, religious, or socio-economic bias. An automatic appeal to the Court of Appeals to review the district courts guilty verdict would likely help in order to filter out cases which the defendant may be falsely convicted. Apparently the system does not try hard enough with American society banking on retributive justice as the main reason other than the societys moral action on the crime. Thus, it is always better to understand and eliminate institutional racism if the legal system wishes to refine. Stricter guidelines will have to be drafted in order to protect all persons accused of capital offenses if its elimination would continuously be overruled. Conclusion Although the NAACP 2007 over-all report revealed a steady decline in black people executed for heinous crimes, the imposition of capital punishment on black defendants do not paint the same picture in some states. More particularly where a victims race is concerned, there exists a clear disparity when crimes committed against a white victim is often declared as heinous. Often, during a criminal procedure for a colored defendant, colored jurors are under-represented in capital trials as if the state appears to have unfairly removed them during jury selection. This is outlined to reflect on the attitudes of capital jurors suggesting that conscious or unconscious racism can infect juror decision-making. Likewise, prosecutorial decision-making in tandem with justice tactics has criminalized race and crime which in turn provides a devastating effect on minority communities in the US. The apparent failure of the federal authorities to also offer remedial leadership on the issue of racial b ias in the capital justice system has also produce links between race and the error-prone nature of the US capital justice system. Majority of countries have abolished the death penalty in law or practice, leaving the USA as the egalitarian society to treat this fundamental human rights issue free from social and racial injustice. Such racial unfairness should have no grounds for existence in the US fight for equality. Works Cited Bedau, Hugo Adam. The Case Against Death Penalty. 2000.08 Mar, 2006.http://users.rcn.com/mwood/deathpen.html Free, Marvin. Racial Issues in Criminal Justice: The Case of African American. Greenwood, 2003. United States. General Accounting Office. Death Penalty Sentencing: Research Indicates Patterns of Racial disparities, 1990. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund Inc. Death Row USA. 2007. Baldus, David C., Woodworth, G., Zuckerman, D., Weiner, N.A., and Broffitt, B. Racial Discrimination and the Death Penalty in the Post-Furman Era: An Empirical and Legal Overview, with Recent Findings from Philadelphia. Cornell Law Review 1638, 1998. United States. Gates v. Zant, [863 F.2d 1492]. 1498 (11th Circuit) 493 U.S. 945, 1989. United States. Department of Justice. Capital Punishment Statistics. 2006. Henderson, Wade. Justice on Trial: Racial Disparities in the American Justice System. Diane Publishing, 2000.

Free Essays on Jamaican Music Roots

Jamaica According to the history of Jamaica, the slaves from Africa brought over drums called â€Å"BURRU† which were used in an arrangement called talking drums. These were used during Jonkanoo celebrations, which were a Christmas time activity; the planters encouraged these until they found out that the slaves were using their drums and conch shells to communicate with each other. By the turn of the century, Calypso from Trinidad and Tobago and Samba from Central America were introduced to the Jamaicans to form a new mix of music called Mento. MENTO Mento was the popular music in Jamaica before ska, rocksteady and reggae. It was an established style in both rural and urban areas as early as the turn of the 20th century. Mento bands usually include one or more of the following: banjo, guitar, a bass lamellophone called a rumba box, and maracas. They sometimes include the fife, clarinet, violin or saxophone. The songs played were usually work songs with humorous lyrics passed down through generations. SKA and ROCK STEADY In the mid 1950’s the youth of Jamaica were more interested in listening to American music than anything from Jamaica, so musicians were called on to emulate the sound of imported American music, within a few years this music turned into Ska. Ska was a big band type of sound with horn arraignments, piano and a quick beat. Ska was easy to move to and created a form of dance called skanking. The beat of Ska slowed down a bit in the early 60’s and Rock Steady emerged. With Rock steady the drums became less prominent and there was a heavier bass tune, and the music was a bit slower and more laid back. REGGAE By 1969 the new, enduring sound of reggae had established itself. Reggae is a combination of traditional African Rhythm and blues and indigenous Jamaican folk. The synthetic style is strictly Jamaican and includes off beat syncopations, up stroke guitar strums, chanted vocal patterns and the lyrics... Free Essays on Jamaican Music Roots Free Essays on Jamaican Music Roots Jamaica According to the history of Jamaica, the slaves from Africa brought over drums called â€Å"BURRU† which were used in an arrangement called talking drums. These were used during Jonkanoo celebrations, which were a Christmas time activity; the planters encouraged these until they found out that the slaves were using their drums and conch shells to communicate with each other. By the turn of the century, Calypso from Trinidad and Tobago and Samba from Central America were introduced to the Jamaicans to form a new mix of music called Mento. MENTO Mento was the popular music in Jamaica before ska, rocksteady and reggae. It was an established style in both rural and urban areas as early as the turn of the 20th century. Mento bands usually include one or more of the following: banjo, guitar, a bass lamellophone called a rumba box, and maracas. They sometimes include the fife, clarinet, violin or saxophone. The songs played were usually work songs with humorous lyrics passed down through generations. SKA and ROCK STEADY In the mid 1950’s the youth of Jamaica were more interested in listening to American music than anything from Jamaica, so musicians were called on to emulate the sound of imported American music, within a few years this music turned into Ska. Ska was a big band type of sound with horn arraignments, piano and a quick beat. Ska was easy to move to and created a form of dance called skanking. The beat of Ska slowed down a bit in the early 60’s and Rock Steady emerged. With Rock steady the drums became less prominent and there was a heavier bass tune, and the music was a bit slower and more laid back. REGGAE By 1969 the new, enduring sound of reggae had established itself. Reggae is a combination of traditional African Rhythm and blues and indigenous Jamaican folk. The synthetic style is strictly Jamaican and includes off beat syncopations, up stroke guitar strums, chanted vocal patterns and the lyrics...